[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2244},["ShallowReactive",2],{"page-\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fdesigning-cli-interfaces-and-conventions\u002Fpositional-arguments-vs-options\u002F":3,"content-directory":1400},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"date":1384,"description":1385,"difficulty":1386,"draft":1387,"extension":1388,"meta":1389,"navigation":238,"path":1390,"seo":1391,"stem":1392,"tags":1393,"updated":1384,"__hash__":1399},"content\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fdesigning-cli-interfaces-and-conventions\u002Fpositional-arguments-vs-options\u002Findex.md","Positional Arguments vs Options: Designing a CLI Signature",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":1363},"minimark",[9,34,39,57,61,65,96,100,178,182,185,552,617,631,634,639,652,656,668,672,734,737,741,747,1211,1233,1237,1243,1247,1257,1274,1278,1281,1285,1297,1301,1312,1316,1324,1328,1359],[10,11,12,16,17,20,21,16,24,27,28,33],"p",{},[13,14,15],"code",{},"mytool copy a.txt b.txt out\u002F"," or ",[13,18,19],{},"mytool copy a.txt b.txt --to out\u002F","? ",[13,22,23],{},"mytool deploy api production 3",[13,25,26],{},"mytool deploy api --env production --replicas 3","? Every command signature makes this choice for every input, and it is one of the few design decisions that is genuinely hard to undo: once scripts call your command with three positional arguments in a particular order, that order is part of your public interface forever. Positional arguments are short and natural for the one or two things a command acts on; options are self-describing, order-independent and safe to extend. This guide turns that into concrete rules, shows the patterns that work well with Typer and Click, and adds a snapshot test that catches accidental breaking changes to a command's signature. It belongs to the ",[29,30,32],"a",{"href":31},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fdesigning-cli-interfaces-and-conventions\u002F","CLI interface design topic",".",[35,36,38],"h2",{"id":37},"prerequisites","Prerequisites",[40,41,42,50],"ul",{},[43,44,45,46,33],"li",{},"Typer or Click, and the naming conventions from ",[29,47,49],{"href":48},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fdesigning-cli-interfaces-and-conventions\u002Fnaming-commands-and-flags-consistently\u002F","naming commands and flags consistently",[43,51,52,53,33],{},"Familiarity with POSIX argument syntax, covered in ",[29,54,56],{"href":55},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fdesigning-cli-interfaces-and-conventions\u002Ffollowing-posix-and-gnu-argument-conventions\u002F","following POSIX and GNU argument conventions",[35,58,60],{"id":59},"the-trade-off","The trade-off",[62,63],"inline-diagram",{"name":64},"posarg-tradeoff",[10,66,67,68,72,73,76,77,80,81,83,84,87,88,91,92,95],{},"A positional argument is identified by its ",[69,70,71],"strong",{},"position",", so it is brief to type and reads like a sentence — ",[13,74,75],{},"cp a b",", ",[13,78,79],{},"git checkout main"," — but it carries no name. A reader of ",[13,82,23],{}," has to know the signature to understand the ",[13,85,86],{},"3",", and the command can only ever add new positionals at the end, behind optional ones, which quickly becomes impossible to explain. An option is identified by its ",[69,89,90],{},"name",", so ",[13,93,94],{},"--replicas 3"," documents itself, can appear in any order, can be added later without breaking anyone, and can have a default.",[35,97,99],{"id":98},"the-rules","The rules",[101,102,103,109,127,144,154,160,172],"ol",{},[43,104,105,108],{},[69,106,107],{},"Positional arguments are the objects the command acts on."," The files to copy, the service to deploy, the ticket to show. Ask \"what does this command operate on?\" — the answer is the positional. Everything that answers \"how?\" is an option.",[43,110,111,114,115,118,119,122,123,126],{},[69,112,113],{},"At most one kind of positional, ideally one or two values."," ",[13,116,117],{},"mytool show TICKET"," and ",[13,120,121],{},"mytool copy SOURCE..."," are clear. ",[13,124,125],{},"mytool deploy SERVICE ENV REGION"," is a riddle.",[43,128,129,114,132,135,136,139,140,143],{},[69,130,131],{},"Variadic positionals go last, and there is only one.",[13,133,134],{},"copy SOURCE... --to DEST"," works; ",[13,137,138],{},"copy SOURCE... DEST"," (as ",[13,141,142],{},"cp"," does) is a classic source of mistakes because the last item silently changes meaning.",[43,145,146,149,150,153],{},[69,147,148],{},"Required does not mean positional."," A required destination can be a required option, ",[13,151,152],{},"--to DEST",". Required options are slightly unusual, but much clearer than a second positional.",[43,155,156,159],{},[69,157,158],{},"Anything with a sensible default is an option."," A positional that can be omitted makes the meaning of the others depend on how many were given.",[43,161,162,114,165,168,169,33],{},[69,163,164],{},"Booleans are always options.",[13,166,167],{},"--overwrite",", never a positional ",[13,170,171],{},"true",[43,173,174,177],{},[69,175,176],{},"New inputs are options."," Adding a positional to an existing command breaks every script that passed arguments after it; adding an option breaks nothing.",[35,179,181],{"id":180},"the-recipe","The recipe",[10,183,184],{},"Applying the rules to a copy command in Typer:",[186,187,192],"pre",{"className":188,"code":189,"language":190,"meta":191,"style":191},"language-python shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","# src\u002Fmytool\u002Fcli.py\nfrom pathlib import Path\nfrom typing import Annotated\n\nimport typer\n\napp = typer.Typer()\n\n\n@app.callback()\ndef main() -> None:\n    \"\"\"File tool.\"\"\"\n\n\n@app.command()\ndef copy(\n    sources: Annotated[list[Path], typer.Argument(help=\"Files to copy.\", show_default=False)],\n    dest: Annotated[Path, typer.Option(\"--to\", \"-t\", help=\"Destination directory.\")],\n    overwrite: Annotated[bool, typer.Option(\"--overwrite\", help=\"Replace existing files.\")] = False,\n) -> None:\n    \"\"\"Copy SOURCES into the --to directory.\"\"\"\n    for src in sources:\n        typer.echo(f\"{src} -> {dest \u002F src.name}{' (overwrite)' if overwrite else ''}\")\n\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    app()\n","python","",[13,193,194,203,220,233,240,248,253,265,270,275,285,304,311,316,321,329,340,368,393,428,438,444,459,519,524,529,546],{"__ignoreMap":191},[195,196,199],"span",{"class":197,"line":198},"line",1,[195,200,202],{"class":201},"sJ8bj","# src\u002Fmytool\u002Fcli.py\n",[195,204,206,210,214,217],{"class":197,"line":205},2,[195,207,209],{"class":208},"szBVR","from",[195,211,213],{"class":212},"sVt8B"," pathlib ",[195,215,216],{"class":208},"import",[195,218,219],{"class":212}," Path\n",[195,221,223,225,228,230],{"class":197,"line":222},3,[195,224,209],{"class":208},[195,226,227],{"class":212}," typing ",[195,229,216],{"class":208},[195,231,232],{"class":212}," Annotated\n",[195,234,236],{"class":197,"line":235},4,[195,237,239],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":238},true,"\n",[195,241,243,245],{"class":197,"line":242},5,[195,244,216],{"class":208},[195,246,247],{"class":212}," typer\n",[195,249,251],{"class":197,"line":250},6,[195,252,239],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":238},[195,254,256,259,262],{"class":197,"line":255},7,[195,257,258],{"class":212},"app ",[195,260,261],{"class":208},"=",[195,263,264],{"class":212}," typer.Typer()\n",[195,266,268],{"class":197,"line":267},8,[195,269,239],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":238},[195,271,273],{"class":197,"line":272},9,[195,274,239],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":238},[195,276,278,282],{"class":197,"line":277},10,[195,279,281],{"class":280},"sScJk","@app.callback",[195,283,284],{"class":212},"()\n",[195,286,288,291,294,297,301],{"class":197,"line":287},11,[195,289,290],{"class":208},"def",[195,292,293],{"class":280}," main",[195,295,296],{"class":212},"() -> ",[195,298,300],{"class":299},"sj4cs","None",[195,302,303],{"class":212},":\n",[195,305,307],{"class":197,"line":306},12,[195,308,310],{"class":309},"sZZnC","    \"\"\"File tool.\"\"\"\n",[195,312,314],{"class":197,"line":313},13,[195,315,239],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":238},[195,317,319],{"class":197,"line":318},14,[195,320,239],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":238},[195,322,324,327],{"class":197,"line":323},15,[195,325,326],{"class":280},"@app.command",[195,328,284],{"class":212},[195,330,332,334,337],{"class":197,"line":331},16,[195,333,290],{"class":208},[195,335,336],{"class":280}," copy",[195,338,339],{"class":212},"(\n",[195,341,343,346,350,352,355,357,360,362,365],{"class":197,"line":342},17,[195,344,345],{"class":212},"    sources: Annotated[list[Path], typer.Argument(",[195,347,349],{"class":348},"s4XuR","help",[195,351,261],{"class":208},[195,353,354],{"class":309},"\"Files to copy.\"",[195,356,76],{"class":212},[195,358,359],{"class":348},"show_default",[195,361,261],{"class":208},[195,363,364],{"class":299},"False",[195,366,367],{"class":212},")],\n",[195,369,371,374,377,379,382,384,386,388,391],{"class":197,"line":370},18,[195,372,373],{"class":212},"    dest: Annotated[Path, typer.Option(",[195,375,376],{"class":309},"\"--to\"",[195,378,76],{"class":212},[195,380,381],{"class":309},"\"-t\"",[195,383,76],{"class":212},[195,385,349],{"class":348},[195,387,261],{"class":208},[195,389,390],{"class":309},"\"Destination directory.\"",[195,392,367],{"class":212},[195,394,396,399,402,405,408,410,412,414,417,420,422,425],{"class":197,"line":395},19,[195,397,398],{"class":212},"    overwrite: Annotated[",[195,400,401],{"class":299},"bool",[195,403,404],{"class":212},", typer.Option(",[195,406,407],{"class":309},"\"--overwrite\"",[195,409,76],{"class":212},[195,411,349],{"class":348},[195,413,261],{"class":208},[195,415,416],{"class":309},"\"Replace existing files.\"",[195,418,419],{"class":212},")] ",[195,421,261],{"class":208},[195,423,424],{"class":299}," False",[195,426,427],{"class":212},",\n",[195,429,431,434,436],{"class":197,"line":430},20,[195,432,433],{"class":212},") -> ",[195,435,300],{"class":299},[195,437,303],{"class":212},[195,439,441],{"class":197,"line":440},21,[195,442,443],{"class":309},"    \"\"\"Copy SOURCES into the --to directory.\"\"\"\n",[195,445,447,450,453,456],{"class":197,"line":446},22,[195,448,449],{"class":208},"    for",[195,451,452],{"class":212}," src ",[195,454,455],{"class":208},"in",[195,457,458],{"class":212}," sources:\n",[195,460,462,465,468,471,474,477,480,483,485,488,491,494,497,500,503,506,509,512,514,516],{"class":197,"line":461},23,[195,463,464],{"class":212},"        typer.echo(",[195,466,467],{"class":208},"f",[195,469,470],{"class":309},"\"",[195,472,473],{"class":299},"{",[195,475,476],{"class":212},"src",[195,478,479],{"class":299},"}",[195,481,482],{"class":309}," -> ",[195,484,473],{"class":299},[195,486,487],{"class":212},"dest ",[195,489,490],{"class":208},"\u002F",[195,492,493],{"class":212}," src.name",[195,495,496],{"class":299},"}{",[195,498,499],{"class":309},"' (overwrite)'",[195,501,502],{"class":208}," if",[195,504,505],{"class":212}," overwrite ",[195,507,508],{"class":208},"else",[195,510,511],{"class":309}," ''",[195,513,479],{"class":299},[195,515,470],{"class":309},[195,517,518],{"class":212},")\n",[195,520,522],{"class":197,"line":521},24,[195,523,239],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":238},[195,525,527],{"class":197,"line":526},25,[195,528,239],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":238},[195,530,532,535,538,541,544],{"class":197,"line":531},26,[195,533,534],{"class":208},"if",[195,536,537],{"class":299}," __name__",[195,539,540],{"class":208}," ==",[195,542,543],{"class":309}," \"__main__\"",[195,545,303],{"class":212},[195,547,549],{"class":197,"line":548},27,[195,550,551],{"class":212},"    app()\n",[186,553,557],{"className":554,"code":555,"language":556,"meta":191,"style":191},"language-bash shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","mytool copy a.txt b.txt --to out\u002F\nmytool copy --to out\u002F *.txt              # options may come first\nmytool copy --to out\u002F -- -weird-name.txt # -- ends options, so a dash-prefixed file works\n","bash",[13,558,559,578,598],{"__ignoreMap":191},[195,560,561,564,566,569,572,575],{"class":197,"line":198},[195,562,563],{"class":280},"mytool",[195,565,336],{"class":309},[195,567,568],{"class":309}," a.txt",[195,570,571],{"class":309}," b.txt",[195,573,574],{"class":299}," --to",[195,576,577],{"class":309}," out\u002F\n",[195,579,580,582,584,586,589,592,595],{"class":197,"line":205},[195,581,563],{"class":280},[195,583,336],{"class":309},[195,585,574],{"class":299},[195,587,588],{"class":309}," out\u002F",[195,590,591],{"class":299}," *",[195,593,594],{"class":309},".txt",[195,596,597],{"class":201},"              # options may come first\n",[195,599,600,602,604,606,608,611,614],{"class":197,"line":222},[195,601,563],{"class":280},[195,603,336],{"class":309},[195,605,574],{"class":299},[195,607,588],{"class":309},[195,609,610],{"class":299}," --",[195,612,613],{"class":299}," -weird-name.txt",[195,615,616],{"class":201}," # -- ends options, so a dash-prefixed file works\n",[10,618,619,620,623,624,627,628,33],{},"The variadic ",[13,621,622],{},"sources"," positional collects every non-option argument, and the destination is unambiguous because it is named. In Click, the same design is ",[13,625,626],{},"@click.argument(\"sources\", nargs=-1, required=True, type=click.Path(path_type=Path))"," plus ",[13,629,630],{},"@click.option(\"--to\", \"-t\", \"dest\", required=True, ...)",[62,632],{"name":633},"posarg-terminal",[635,636,638],"h3",{"id":637},"when-a-second-positional-is-right","When a second positional is right",[10,640,641,642,76,645,76,648,651],{},"Some commands have two natural objects with an obvious order — ",[13,643,644],{},"mytool diff OLD NEW",[13,646,647],{},"mytool rename FROM TO",[13,649,650],{},"git cherry-pick A..B",". Two positionals are fine when the order mirrors language (\"rename from to\"), both are required, and the help names them clearly. If you find yourself explaining the order in the help text, use options.",[635,653,655],{"id":654},"stdin-as-an-implicit-positional","Stdin as an implicit positional",[10,657,658,659,662,663,667],{},"Many commands accept their main input either as a positional file or from standard input. The convention is a positional that defaults to ",[13,660,661],{},"-",", meaning stdin, as in ",[29,664,666],{"href":665},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fworking-with-stdin-stdout-and-pipes\u002Freading-piped-input-in-python-clis\u002F","reading piped input in Python CLIs",". That keeps the common file case short while letting the command sit in a pipeline.",[35,669,671],{"id":670},"ux-considerations","UX considerations",[40,673,674,693,699,711,724],{},[43,675,676,114,679,682,683,76,686,689,690,33],{},[69,677,678],{},"Help should read like usage.",[13,680,681],{},"Usage: mytool copy [OPTIONS] SOURCES..."," tells the user immediately what the command acts on. Name positionals as nouns in the help (",[13,684,685],{},"SOURCES",[13,687,688],{},"TICKET","), not as ",[13,691,692],{},"ARG1",[43,694,695,698],{},[69,696,697],{},"Allow options anywhere."," Click and Typer accept options before or after positionals by default; keep it that way, since users type them in both orders.",[43,700,701,707,708,710],{},[69,702,703,704,33],{},"Support ",[13,705,706],{},"--"," File names beginning with ",[13,709,661],{}," are rare but real; the end-of-options marker must work.",[43,712,713,716,717,76,720,723],{},[69,714,715],{},"Prefer explicit over clever."," A positional that is \"a file, or a URL, or a ticket number\" depending on its shape is convenient until the day the shapes overlap. Separate options (",[13,718,719],{},"--file",[13,721,722],{},"--url",") or subcommands are clearer.",[43,725,726,729,730,33],{},[69,727,728],{},"Plan for completion."," Positional files complete naturally in shells; named options with choices complete better than positional ones. See ",[29,731,733],{"href":732},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fshell-completion-for-python-clis\u002F","shell completion for Python CLIs",[62,735],{"name":736},"posarg-matrix",[35,738,740],{"id":739},"testing-the-behaviour","Testing the behaviour",[10,742,743,744,746],{},"Behavioural tests check that both orders and the ",[13,745,706],{}," marker work. A second kind of test protects the signature itself: describe every command's parameters as data, commit that description, and fail when it changes unexpectedly. Because Typer builds Click-style command objects, the description can be computed generically:",[186,748,750],{"className":188,"code":749,"language":190,"meta":191,"style":191},"# tests\u002Ftest_interface.py\nimport json\nfrom pathlib import Path\n\nfrom typer.main import get_command\nfrom typer.testing import CliRunner\n\nfrom mytool.cli import app\n\nSNAPSHOT = Path(__file__).parent \u002F \"interface.json\"\n\n\ndef describe(cmd, path=()):\n    if hasattr(cmd, \"commands\"):                       # a group: recurse\n        out = {}\n        for name, sub in sorted(cmd.commands.items()):\n            out.update(describe(sub, path + (name,)))\n        return out\n    return {\" \".join(path): [\n        {\"kind\": p.param_type_name, \"name\": p.name, \"required\": p.required,\n         \"opts\": sorted(p.opts)}\n        for p in cmd.params if p.name != \"help\"\n    ]}\n\n\ndef test_interface_matches_snapshot():\n    current = describe(get_command(app))\n    if not SNAPSHOT.exists():\n        SNAPSHOT.write_text(json.dumps(current, indent=2) + \"\\n\")\n    assert current == json.loads(SNAPSHOT.read_text()), (\n        \"the command-line interface changed; if intentional, delete tests\u002Finterface.json \"\n        \"and re-run to regenerate it, and record the change in the changelog\"\n    )\n\n\ndef test_options_before_positionals_and_double_dash():\n    result = CliRunner().invoke(app, [\"copy\", \"--to\", \"out\", \"a.txt\", \"--\", \"-weird.txt\"])\n    assert result.exit_code == 0\n    assert \"-weird.txt -> out\u002F-weird.txt\" in result.output\n",[13,751,752,757,764,774,778,790,802,806,818,822,844,848,852,867,887,897,913,924,932,946,969,983,1006,1011,1015,1019,1029,1039,1053,1085,1105,1111,1117,1123,1128,1133,1143,1184,1197],{"__ignoreMap":191},[195,753,754],{"class":197,"line":198},[195,755,756],{"class":201},"# tests\u002Ftest_interface.py\n",[195,758,759,761],{"class":197,"line":205},[195,760,216],{"class":208},[195,762,763],{"class":212}," json\n",[195,765,766,768,770,772],{"class":197,"line":222},[195,767,209],{"class":208},[195,769,213],{"class":212},[195,771,216],{"class":208},[195,773,219],{"class":212},[195,775,776],{"class":197,"line":235},[195,777,239],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":238},[195,779,780,782,785,787],{"class":197,"line":242},[195,781,209],{"class":208},[195,783,784],{"class":212}," typer.main ",[195,786,216],{"class":208},[195,788,789],{"class":212}," get_command\n",[195,791,792,794,797,799],{"class":197,"line":250},[195,793,209],{"class":208},[195,795,796],{"class":212}," typer.testing ",[195,798,216],{"class":208},[195,800,801],{"class":212}," CliRunner\n",[195,803,804],{"class":197,"line":255},[195,805,239],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":238},[195,807,808,810,813,815],{"class":197,"line":267},[195,809,209],{"class":208},[195,811,812],{"class":212}," mytool.cli ",[195,814,216],{"class":208},[195,816,817],{"class":212}," app\n",[195,819,820],{"class":197,"line":272},[195,821,239],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":238},[195,823,824,827,830,833,836,839,841],{"class":197,"line":277},[195,825,826],{"class":299},"SNAPSHOT",[195,828,829],{"class":208}," =",[195,831,832],{"class":212}," Path(",[195,834,835],{"class":299},"__file__",[195,837,838],{"class":212},").parent ",[195,840,490],{"class":208},[195,842,843],{"class":309}," \"interface.json\"\n",[195,845,846],{"class":197,"line":287},[195,847,239],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":238},[195,849,850],{"class":197,"line":306},[195,851,239],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":238},[195,853,854,856,859,862,864],{"class":197,"line":313},[195,855,290],{"class":208},[195,857,858],{"class":280}," describe",[195,860,861],{"class":212},"(cmd, path",[195,863,261],{"class":208},[195,865,866],{"class":212},"()):\n",[195,868,869,872,875,878,881,884],{"class":197,"line":318},[195,870,871],{"class":208},"    if",[195,873,874],{"class":299}," hasattr",[195,876,877],{"class":212},"(cmd, ",[195,879,880],{"class":309},"\"commands\"",[195,882,883],{"class":212},"):                       ",[195,885,886],{"class":201},"# a group: recurse\n",[195,888,889,892,894],{"class":197,"line":323},[195,890,891],{"class":212},"        out ",[195,893,261],{"class":208},[195,895,896],{"class":212}," {}\n",[195,898,899,902,905,907,910],{"class":197,"line":331},[195,900,901],{"class":208},"        for",[195,903,904],{"class":212}," name, sub ",[195,906,455],{"class":208},[195,908,909],{"class":299}," sorted",[195,911,912],{"class":212},"(cmd.commands.items()):\n",[195,914,915,918,921],{"class":197,"line":342},[195,916,917],{"class":212},"            out.update(describe(sub, path ",[195,919,920],{"class":208},"+",[195,922,923],{"class":212}," (name,)))\n",[195,925,926,929],{"class":197,"line":370},[195,927,928],{"class":208},"        return",[195,930,931],{"class":212}," out\n",[195,933,934,937,940,943],{"class":197,"line":395},[195,935,936],{"class":208},"    return",[195,938,939],{"class":212}," {",[195,941,942],{"class":309},"\" \"",[195,944,945],{"class":212},".join(path): [\n",[195,947,948,951,954,957,960,963,966],{"class":197,"line":430},[195,949,950],{"class":212},"        {",[195,952,953],{"class":309},"\"kind\"",[195,955,956],{"class":212},": p.param_type_name, ",[195,958,959],{"class":309},"\"name\"",[195,961,962],{"class":212},": p.name, ",[195,964,965],{"class":309},"\"required\"",[195,967,968],{"class":212},": p.required,\n",[195,970,971,974,977,980],{"class":197,"line":440},[195,972,973],{"class":309},"         \"opts\"",[195,975,976],{"class":212},": ",[195,978,979],{"class":299},"sorted",[195,981,982],{"class":212},"(p.opts)}\n",[195,984,985,987,990,992,995,997,1000,1003],{"class":197,"line":446},[195,986,901],{"class":208},[195,988,989],{"class":212}," p ",[195,991,455],{"class":208},[195,993,994],{"class":212}," cmd.params ",[195,996,534],{"class":208},[195,998,999],{"class":212}," p.name ",[195,1001,1002],{"class":208},"!=",[195,1004,1005],{"class":309}," \"help\"\n",[195,1007,1008],{"class":197,"line":461},[195,1009,1010],{"class":212},"    ]}\n",[195,1012,1013],{"class":197,"line":521},[195,1014,239],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":238},[195,1016,1017],{"class":197,"line":526},[195,1018,239],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":238},[195,1020,1021,1023,1026],{"class":197,"line":531},[195,1022,290],{"class":208},[195,1024,1025],{"class":280}," test_interface_matches_snapshot",[195,1027,1028],{"class":212},"():\n",[195,1030,1031,1034,1036],{"class":197,"line":548},[195,1032,1033],{"class":212},"    current ",[195,1035,261],{"class":208},[195,1037,1038],{"class":212}," describe(get_command(app))\n",[195,1040,1042,1044,1047,1050],{"class":197,"line":1041},28,[195,1043,871],{"class":208},[195,1045,1046],{"class":208}," not",[195,1048,1049],{"class":299}," SNAPSHOT",[195,1051,1052],{"class":212},".exists():\n",[195,1054,1056,1059,1062,1065,1067,1070,1073,1075,1078,1081,1083],{"class":197,"line":1055},29,[195,1057,1058],{"class":299},"        SNAPSHOT",[195,1060,1061],{"class":212},".write_text(json.dumps(current, ",[195,1063,1064],{"class":348},"indent",[195,1066,261],{"class":208},[195,1068,1069],{"class":299},"2",[195,1071,1072],{"class":212},") ",[195,1074,920],{"class":208},[195,1076,1077],{"class":309}," \"",[195,1079,1080],{"class":299},"\\n",[195,1082,470],{"class":309},[195,1084,518],{"class":212},[195,1086,1088,1091,1094,1097,1100,1102],{"class":197,"line":1087},30,[195,1089,1090],{"class":208},"    assert",[195,1092,1093],{"class":212}," current ",[195,1095,1096],{"class":208},"==",[195,1098,1099],{"class":212}," json.loads(",[195,1101,826],{"class":299},[195,1103,1104],{"class":212},".read_text()), (\n",[195,1106,1108],{"class":197,"line":1107},31,[195,1109,1110],{"class":309},"        \"the command-line interface changed; if intentional, delete tests\u002Finterface.json \"\n",[195,1112,1114],{"class":197,"line":1113},32,[195,1115,1116],{"class":309},"        \"and re-run to regenerate it, and record the change in the changelog\"\n",[195,1118,1120],{"class":197,"line":1119},33,[195,1121,1122],{"class":212},"    )\n",[195,1124,1126],{"class":197,"line":1125},34,[195,1127,239],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":238},[195,1129,1131],{"class":197,"line":1130},35,[195,1132,239],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":238},[195,1134,1136,1138,1141],{"class":197,"line":1135},36,[195,1137,290],{"class":208},[195,1139,1140],{"class":280}," test_options_before_positionals_and_double_dash",[195,1142,1028],{"class":212},[195,1144,1146,1149,1151,1154,1157,1159,1161,1163,1166,1168,1171,1173,1176,1178,1181],{"class":197,"line":1145},37,[195,1147,1148],{"class":212},"    result ",[195,1150,261],{"class":208},[195,1152,1153],{"class":212}," CliRunner().invoke(app, [",[195,1155,1156],{"class":309},"\"copy\"",[195,1158,76],{"class":212},[195,1160,376],{"class":309},[195,1162,76],{"class":212},[195,1164,1165],{"class":309},"\"out\"",[195,1167,76],{"class":212},[195,1169,1170],{"class":309},"\"a.txt\"",[195,1172,76],{"class":212},[195,1174,1175],{"class":309},"\"--\"",[195,1177,76],{"class":212},[195,1179,1180],{"class":309},"\"-weird.txt\"",[195,1182,1183],{"class":212},"])\n",[195,1185,1187,1189,1192,1194],{"class":197,"line":1186},38,[195,1188,1090],{"class":208},[195,1190,1191],{"class":212}," result.exit_code ",[195,1193,1096],{"class":208},[195,1195,1196],{"class":299}," 0\n",[195,1198,1200,1202,1205,1208],{"class":197,"line":1199},39,[195,1201,1090],{"class":208},[195,1203,1204],{"class":309}," \"-weird.txt -> out\u002F-weird.txt\"",[195,1206,1207],{"class":208}," in",[195,1209,1210],{"class":212}," result.output\n",[10,1212,1213,1214,1217,1218,1221,1222,1225,1226,1228,1229,1232],{},"The snapshot test turns \"someone added a positional to ",[13,1215,1216],{},"deploy","\" from a silent breaking change into a failing test with instructions, and the regenerated JSON shows reviewers exactly what changed. Duck-typing on ",[13,1219,1220],{},"commands"," matters with Typer, whose command objects come from its vendored copy of Click rather than the ",[13,1223,1224],{},"click"," package, the same duck-typed walk used by the flag-naming test in ",[29,1227,49],{"href":48},": an ",[13,1230,1231],{},"isinstance(cmd, click.Group)"," check would be false for every Typer group.",[35,1234,1236],{"id":1235},"conclusion","Conclusion",[10,1238,1239,1240,1242],{},"Use positional arguments for the one or two things a command acts on, and options for everything else — especially anything with a default, anything boolean and anything added later. Keep at most one variadic positional and put it last, prefer a required option to a second positional, support ",[13,1241,706],{},", and protect the result with an interface snapshot test so the signature only changes on purpose. That is how a command stays both quick to type and safe to extend.",[35,1244,1246],{"id":1245},"frequently-asked-questions","Frequently asked questions",[635,1248,1250,1251,118,1253,1256],{"id":1249},"why-do-cp-and-mv-take-the-destination-as-the-last-positional","Why do ",[13,1252,142],{},[13,1254,1255],{},"mv"," take the destination as the last positional?",[10,1258,1259,1260,1263,1264,16,1267,1270,1271,1273],{},"History: they predate long options. The design is convenient for experts and a common source of mistakes (",[13,1261,1262],{},"cp *.txt"," with a glob that matches one file overwrites it). New tools do not need to copy it; ",[13,1265,1266],{},"--to",[13,1268,1269],{},"--target-directory"," (which GNU ",[13,1272,142],{}," added for exactly this reason) is clearer.",[635,1275,1277],{"id":1276},"can-an-option-be-required","Can an option be required?",[10,1279,1280],{},"Yes, and it is often the right choice for a required input that is not the command's main object. Some style guides discourage required options; in practice they are much easier to read and evolve than a second or third positional.",[635,1282,1284],{"id":1283},"how-do-i-rename-a-positional-without-breaking-users","How do I rename a positional without breaking users?",[10,1286,1287,1288,1292,1293,33],{},"Positional ",[1289,1290,1291],"em",{},"names"," only appear in help, so renaming is safe. Changing their number or order is what breaks scripts. If the order must change, add a new command or option and deprecate the old form, as in ",[29,1294,1296],{"href":1295},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fcli-help-output-and-documentation\u002Fversioning-and-deprecating-cli-flags\u002F","versioning and deprecating CLI flags",[635,1298,1300],{"id":1299},"should-subcommands-replace-positionals","Should subcommands replace positionals?",[10,1302,1303,1304,1307,1308,1311],{},"When a positional selects between different behaviours — ",[13,1305,1306],{},"mytool user add"," versus ",[13,1309,1310],{},"mytool user remove"," — it is really a subcommand, and modelling it as one gives each behaviour its own options and help. Positionals should be data, not modes.",[635,1313,1315],{"id":1314},"how-many-options-are-too-many","How many options are too many?",[10,1317,1318,1319,1323],{},"There is no hard limit, but a command with more than a dozen options usually hides two commands, or a configuration file trying to get out. Group related options under help panels, move rarely used ones into a config file read with the precedence rules in ",[29,1320,1322],{"href":1321},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fhandling-configuration-files-env-vars\u002Fconfig-precedence-flags-env-files-defaults\u002F","config precedence: flags, env, files, defaults",", and split commands whose options mostly do not combine.",[35,1325,1327],{"id":1326},"related","Related",[40,1329,1330,1336,1341,1347,1353],{},[43,1331,1332,1333],{},"Up: ",[29,1334,1335],{"href":31},"Designing CLI interfaces and conventions",[43,1337,1338],{},[29,1339,1340],{"href":48},"Naming commands and flags consistently",[43,1342,1343],{},[29,1344,1346],{"href":1345},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fdesigning-cli-interfaces-and-conventions\u002Fglobal-options-vs-per-command-options\u002F","Global options vs per-command options",[43,1348,1349],{},[29,1350,1352],{"href":1351},"\u002Fmodern-python-cli-frameworks-architecture\u002Fdesigning-cli-interfaces-and-conventions\u002Fdesigning-idempotent-commands\u002F","Designing idempotent commands",[43,1354,1355],{},[29,1356,1358],{"href":1357},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fmanaging-cli-versioning-changelogs\u002Fsemantic-versioning-policy-for-cli-tools\u002F","Semantic versioning policy for CLI tools",[1360,1361,1362],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .sJ8bj, html code.shiki .sJ8bj{--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D}html pre.shiki code .szBVR, html code.shiki .szBVR{--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sVt8B, html code.shiki .sVt8B{--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sScJk, html code.shiki .sScJk{--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sj4cs, html code.shiki .sj4cs{--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sZZnC, html 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Python CLI Toolcraft",{"path":1405,"title":1406},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fadvanced-argument-validation-strategies","Advanced Argument Validation Strategies",{"path":1408,"title":1409},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fadvanced-argument-validation-strategies\u002Fparsing-nested-json-arguments-in-python-clis","Parsing Nested JSON Args in Python CLIs",{"path":1411,"title":1412},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fadvanced-argument-validation-strategies\u002Fvalidating-dates-and-durations-in-cli-arguments","Validating Dates and Durations in Python CLI Arguments",{"path":1414,"title":1415},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fadvanced-argument-validation-strategies\u002Fvalidating-dependent-and-conflicting-options","Validating Dependent and Conflicting CLI 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CLI",{"path":1723,"title":1724},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Flocal-state-and-sqlite-in-python-clis","Local State and SQLite in Python CLIs",{"path":1726,"title":1727},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Flocal-state-and-sqlite-in-python-clis\u002Fmigrating-a-cli-sqlite-schema","Migrating a CLI’s SQLite Schema Between Releases",{"path":1729,"title":1730},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Flocal-state-and-sqlite-in-python-clis\u002Frecording-and-querying-cli-run-history","Recording and Querying CLI Run History in SQLite",{"path":1732,"title":1733},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Flocal-state-and-sqlite-in-python-clis\u002Fstoring-cli-state-in-sqlite","Storing CLI State in SQLite with a Small Repository Class",{"path":1735,"title":1736},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Flong-running-and-watch-mode-clis\u002Fbuilding-a-watch-mode-with-watchfiles","Building a Watch Mode with watchfiles in 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subprocess",{"path":1765,"title":1766},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Frunning-subprocesses-from-python-clis\u002Fhandling-subprocess-timeouts-and-exit-codes","Handling Subprocess Timeouts and Exit Codes",{"path":1768,"title":1769},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Frunning-subprocesses-from-python-clis","Running Subprocesses from Python CLIs",{"path":1771,"title":1772},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Frunning-subprocesses-from-python-clis\u002Flaunching-the-users-editor-from-a-cli","Launching the User’s Editor from a Python CLI",{"path":1774,"title":1775},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Frunning-subprocesses-from-python-clis\u002Fpiping-between-subprocesses-in-python","Piping Between Subprocesses in Python Without a Shell",{"path":1777,"title":1778},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Frunning-subprocesses-from-python-clis\u002Fstreaming-subprocess-output-in-real-time","Streaming Subprocess Output in Real 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PyPI",{"path":2140,"title":2141},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fpackaging-python-clis-for-distribution\u002Fwriting-pyproject-toml-metadata-for-a-cli","Writing pyproject.toml Metadata for a Python CLI",{"path":2143,"title":2144},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fpoetry-workflows-for-cli-development\u002Fdynamic-versioning-with-poetry-plugins","Dynamic Versioning for a Poetry CLI from Git Tags",{"path":2146,"title":2147},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fpoetry-workflows-for-cli-development","Poetry Workflows for CLI Development",{"path":2149,"title":2150},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fpoetry-workflows-for-cli-development\u002Fmanaging-poetry-lock-files-for-cli-tools","Managing Poetry Lock Files for CLI Tools",{"path":2152,"title":2153},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fpoetry-workflows-for-cli-development\u002Fmigrating-a-cli-from-poetry-to-uv","Migrating a Python CLI from Poetry to uv",{"path":2155,"title":2156},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fpoetry-workflows-for-cli-development\u002Fpoetry-dependency-groups-for-cli-tooling","Poetry Dependency Groups for CLI Tooling",{"path":2158,"title":2159},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fpoetry-workflows-for-cli-development\u002Fpoetry-entry-points-and-scripts-for-clis","Poetry Entry Points and Scripts for CLIs",{"path":2161,"title":2162},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fpoetry-workflows-for-cli-development\u002Fpublishing-a-cli-with-poetry","Building and Publishing a Python CLI with Poetry",{"path":2164,"title":2165},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fpre-commit-hooks-for-cli-projects","Pre-commit Hooks for CLI Projects",{"path":2167,"title":2168},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fpre-commit-hooks-for-cli-projects\u002Fkeeping-hook-versions-current-with-autoupdate","Keeping pre-commit Hook Versions Current with autoupdate",{"path":2170,"title":2171},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fpre-commit-hooks-for-cli-projects\u002Frunning-pre-commit-in-ci","Running pre-commit in CI for a Python CLI Repository",{"path":2173,"title":2174},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fpre-commit-hooks-for-cli-projects\u002Fsetting-up-pre-commit-for-python-cli-repos","Setting up pre-commit for Python CLI repos",{"path":2176,"title":2177},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fpre-commit-hooks-for-cli-projects\u002Fshipping-your-cli-as-a-pre-commit-hook","Shipping Your Python CLI as a pre-commit Hook",{"path":2179,"title":2180},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fpre-commit-hooks-for-cli-projects\u002Fspeeding-up-slow-pre-commit-hooks","Speeding Up Slow pre-commit Hooks in a CLI Repository",{"path":2182,"title":2183},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fpre-commit-hooks-for-cli-projects\u002Fwriting-local-pre-commit-hooks-in-python","Writing Local pre-commit Hooks in Python",{"path":2185,"title":2186},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fsecuring-a-python-cli-supply-chain\u002Fauditing-dependencies-with-pip-audit","Auditing a Python CLI’s Dependencies with pip-audit",{"path":2188,"title":2189},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fsecuring-a-python-cli-supply-chain\u002Fgenerating-an-sbom-for-a-python-cli","Generating an SBOM for a Python CLI Release",{"path":2191,"title":2192},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fsecuring-a-python-cli-supply-chain","Securing the Supply Chain of a Python CLI",{"path":2194,"title":2195},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fsecuring-a-python-cli-supply-chain\u002Fpinning-dependencies-with-hashes","Pinning a Python CLI’s Dependencies with Hashes",{"path":2197,"title":2198},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fsecuring-a-python-cli-supply-chain\u002Fpublishing-attestations-and-verifying-releases","Publishing Attestations and Verifying Python CLI Releases",{"path":2200,"title":2201},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fuv-for-python-cli-dependency-management\u002Fbuilding-and-publishing-a-cli-with-uv","Building and Publishing a Python CLI with uv",{"path":2203,"title":2204},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fuv-for-python-cli-dependency-management","uv for Python CLI Dependency Management",{"path":2206,"title":2207},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fuv-for-python-cli-dependency-management\u002Flocking-and-syncing-cli-dependencies-with-uv","Locking and Syncing a Python CLI’s Dependencies with uv",{"path":2209,"title":2210},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fuv-for-python-cli-dependency-management\u002Frunning-one-off-cli-scripts-with-uv-run","Running One-Off CLI Scripts with uv run and PEP 723",{"path":2212,"title":2213},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fuv-for-python-cli-dependency-management\u002Fusing-private-package-indexes-with-uv","Using Private Package Indexes with uv for Internal CLIs",{"path":2215,"title":2216},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fuv-for-python-cli-dependency-management\u002Fuv-init-vs-poetry-init-for-cli-tools","uv init vs poetry init for CLI tools",{"path":2218,"title":2219},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fuv-for-python-cli-dependency-management\u002Fuv-tool-install-vs-pipx-for-clis","uv tool install vs pipx for CLIs",{"path":2221,"title":2222},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fuv-for-python-cli-dependency-management\u002Fuv-workspaces-for-multi-package-clis","uv Workspaces for Multi-Package Python CLIs",{"path":2224,"title":2225},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fvirtual-environments-isolation-best-practices\u002Fdebugging-wrong-python-and-wrong-venv-problems","Debugging Wrong-Python and Wrong-Venv Problems in CLIs",{"path":2227,"title":2228},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fvirtual-environments-isolation-best-practices\u002Fexternally-managed-environments-and-pep-668","PEP 668 and Python CLIs: the externally-managed-environment Error",{"path":2230,"title":2231},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fvirtual-environments-isolation-best-practices","Python CLI Env Isolation Best Practices",{"path":2233,"title":2234},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fvirtual-environments-isolation-best-practices\u002Fisolating-cli-tools-from-project-dependencies","Isolating CLI Tools from Your Project’s Dependencies",{"path":2236,"title":2237},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fvirtual-environments-isolation-best-practices\u002Fmanaging-virtual-environments-for-cross-platform-clis","Managing Python CLI Virtual Environments",{"path":2239,"title":2240},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fvirtual-environments-isolation-best-practices\u002Fpinning-the-python-version-for-a-cli","Pinning the Python Version for a CLI",{"path":2242,"title":2243},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fvirtual-environments-isolation-best-practices\u002Fsupporting-multiple-python-versions-with-nox","Supporting Multiple Python Versions with nox",1790967540329]