[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2293},["ShallowReactive",2],{"page-\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fci-cd-pipelines-for-python-clis\u002Frunning-cli-tests-on-windows-and-macos-runners\u002F":3,"content-directory":1449},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"date":1433,"description":1434,"difficulty":1435,"draft":1436,"extension":1437,"meta":1438,"navigation":124,"path":1439,"seo":1440,"stem":1441,"tags":1442,"updated":1433,"__hash__":1448},"content\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fci-cd-pipelines-for-python-clis\u002Frunning-cli-tests-on-windows-and-macos-runners\u002Findex.md","Running Python CLI Tests on Windows and macOS Runners",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":1416},"minimark",[9,45,50,60,64,330,345,349,353,356,359,397,425,462,481,510,530,551,555,562,865,1151,1159,1162,1166,1169,1205,1209,1224,1290,1303,1307,1316,1320,1325,1331,1342,1351,1355,1368,1372,1380,1384,1412],[10,11,12,13,17,18,21,22,25,26,29,30,33,34,39,40,44],"p",{},"A CLI tested only on Linux is a CLI whose Windows users are its testers. The bugs are predictable: a path joined with ",[14,15,16],"code",{},"\"\u002F\"",", a snapshot test that fails because of ",[14,19,20],{},"\\r\\n",", an ",[14,23,24],{},"é"," that turns into ",[14,27,28],{},"UnicodeEncodeError"," on a legacy console, a temporary file that cannot be deleted because it is still open, a ",[14,31,32],{},"signal.SIGTERM"," handler that does not exist. None of these show up on Linux, and all of them show up within minutes on a Windows runner. Adding Windows and macOS to CI is cheap with hosted runners; the real work is making the test suite honest across platforms. This guide adds the operating-system matrix, walks through the failures it typically exposes and how to fix each properly, and shows how to mark the few tests that genuinely are platform-specific. It belongs to the ",[35,36,38],"a",{"href":37},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fci-cd-pipelines-for-python-clis\u002F","CI\u002FCD topic",", and extends ",[35,41,43],{"href":42},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fci-cd-pipelines-for-python-clis\u002Ftesting-a-cli-across-python-versions-with-github-actions\u002F","testing a CLI across Python versions with GitHub Actions",".",[46,47,49],"h2",{"id":48},"prerequisites","Prerequisites",[51,52,53,57],"ul",{},[54,55,56],"li",{},"A CLI with a pytest suite running in GitHub Actions (other CI systems have equivalent runners).",[54,58,59],{},"uv for environment setup; the patterns do not depend on it.",[46,61,63],{"id":62},"the-matrix","The matrix",[65,66,71],"pre",{"className":67,"code":68,"language":69,"meta":70,"style":70},"language-yaml shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","# .github\u002Fworkflows\u002Ftest.yml\nname: test\non: [push, pull_request]\n\njobs:\n  test:\n    strategy:\n      fail-fast: false\n      matrix:\n        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]\n        python: [\"3.10\", \"3.13\"]\n    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}\n    defaults:\n      run:\n        shell: bash                    # same shell syntax on every OS\n    steps:\n      - uses: actions\u002Fcheckout@v4\n      - uses: astral-sh\u002Fsetup-uv@v6\n        with:\n          enable-cache: true\n      - run: uv sync --locked --python ${{ matrix.python }}\n      - run: uv run --locked pytest -q\n","yaml","",[14,72,73,82,97,119,126,135,143,151,162,170,193,211,222,230,238,252,260,274,286,294,305,318],{"__ignoreMap":70},[74,75,78],"span",{"class":76,"line":77},"line",1,[74,79,81],{"class":80},"sJ8bj","# .github\u002Fworkflows\u002Ftest.yml\n",[74,83,85,89,93],{"class":76,"line":84},2,[74,86,88],{"class":87},"s9eBZ","name",[74,90,92],{"class":91},"sVt8B",": ",[74,94,96],{"class":95},"sZZnC","test\n",[74,98,100,104,107,110,113,116],{"class":76,"line":99},3,[74,101,103],{"class":102},"sj4cs","on",[74,105,106],{"class":91},": [",[74,108,109],{"class":95},"push",[74,111,112],{"class":91},", ",[74,114,115],{"class":95},"pull_request",[74,117,118],{"class":91},"]\n",[74,120,122],{"class":76,"line":121},4,[74,123,125],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":124},true,"\n",[74,127,129,132],{"class":76,"line":128},5,[74,130,131],{"class":87},"jobs",[74,133,134],{"class":91},":\n",[74,136,138,141],{"class":76,"line":137},6,[74,139,140],{"class":87},"  test",[74,142,134],{"class":91},[74,144,146,149],{"class":76,"line":145},7,[74,147,148],{"class":87},"    strategy",[74,150,134],{"class":91},[74,152,154,157,159],{"class":76,"line":153},8,[74,155,156],{"class":87},"      fail-fast",[74,158,92],{"class":91},[74,160,161],{"class":102},"false\n",[74,163,165,168],{"class":76,"line":164},9,[74,166,167],{"class":87},"      matrix",[74,169,134],{"class":91},[74,171,173,176,178,181,183,186,188,191],{"class":76,"line":172},10,[74,174,175],{"class":87},"        os",[74,177,106],{"class":91},[74,179,180],{"class":95},"ubuntu-latest",[74,182,112],{"class":91},[74,184,185],{"class":95},"windows-latest",[74,187,112],{"class":91},[74,189,190],{"class":95},"macos-latest",[74,192,118],{"class":91},[74,194,196,199,201,204,206,209],{"class":76,"line":195},11,[74,197,198],{"class":87},"        python",[74,200,106],{"class":91},[74,202,203],{"class":95},"\"3.10\"",[74,205,112],{"class":91},[74,207,208],{"class":95},"\"3.13\"",[74,210,118],{"class":91},[74,212,214,217,219],{"class":76,"line":213},12,[74,215,216],{"class":87},"    runs-on",[74,218,92],{"class":91},[74,220,221],{"class":95},"${{ matrix.os }}\n",[74,223,225,228],{"class":76,"line":224},13,[74,226,227],{"class":87},"    defaults",[74,229,134],{"class":91},[74,231,233,236],{"class":76,"line":232},14,[74,234,235],{"class":87},"      run",[74,237,134],{"class":91},[74,239,241,244,246,249],{"class":76,"line":240},15,[74,242,243],{"class":87},"        shell",[74,245,92],{"class":91},[74,247,248],{"class":95},"bash",[74,250,251],{"class":80},"                    # same shell syntax on every OS\n",[74,253,255,258],{"class":76,"line":254},16,[74,256,257],{"class":87},"    steps",[74,259,134],{"class":91},[74,261,263,266,269,271],{"class":76,"line":262},17,[74,264,265],{"class":91},"      - ",[74,267,268],{"class":87},"uses",[74,270,92],{"class":91},[74,272,273],{"class":95},"actions\u002Fcheckout@v4\n",[74,275,277,279,281,283],{"class":76,"line":276},18,[74,278,265],{"class":91},[74,280,268],{"class":87},[74,282,92],{"class":91},[74,284,285],{"class":95},"astral-sh\u002Fsetup-uv@v6\n",[74,287,289,292],{"class":76,"line":288},19,[74,290,291],{"class":87},"        with",[74,293,134],{"class":91},[74,295,297,300,302],{"class":76,"line":296},20,[74,298,299],{"class":87},"          enable-cache",[74,301,92],{"class":91},[74,303,304],{"class":102},"true\n",[74,306,308,310,313,315],{"class":76,"line":307},21,[74,309,265],{"class":91},[74,311,312],{"class":87},"run",[74,314,92],{"class":91},[74,316,317],{"class":95},"uv sync --locked --python ${{ matrix.python }}\n",[74,319,321,323,325,327],{"class":76,"line":320},22,[74,322,265],{"class":91},[74,324,312],{"class":87},[74,326,92],{"class":91},[74,328,329],{"class":95},"uv run --locked pytest -q\n",[10,331,332,333,336,337,340,341,344],{},"Three choices keep this maintainable. ",[14,334,335],{},"fail-fast: false"," lets every combination finish, so one Windows failure does not hide a macOS failure behind it. ",[14,338,339],{},"shell: bash"," makes ",[14,342,343],{},"run:"," steps use Git Bash on Windows, so you write one set of shell commands — keep PowerShell for the steps that genuinely need it. And testing the oldest and newest supported Python on every OS, rather than every version everywhere, keeps the matrix at six jobs instead of fifteen while still catching nearly everything.",[346,347],"inline-diagram",{"name":348},"xos-matrix",[46,350,352],{"id":351},"what-breaks-and-the-real-fix","What breaks, and the real fix",[10,354,355],{},"The first Windows run of a Linux-only suite usually fails for a handful of recurring reasons. Each has a proper fix in the code — not a skip.",[346,357],{"name":358},"xos-failures",[10,360,361,365,366,369,370,373,374,377,378,381,382,385,386,390,391,393,394,44],{},[362,363,364],"strong",{},"Paths built from strings."," ",[14,367,368],{},"f\"{root}\u002Fconfig.toml\""," and ",[14,371,372],{},"path.split(\"\u002F\")"," work by accident on POSIX. Use ",[14,375,376],{},"pathlib"," everywhere, compare paths as ",[14,379,380],{},"Path"," objects rather than strings, and print paths with ",[14,383,384],{},"str(path)"," only at the edge. ",[35,387,389],{"href":388},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Ffilesystem-paths-and-atomic-writes\u002Fcross-platform-paths-with-pathlib\u002F","Cross-platform paths with pathlib"," has the details. In tests, build expected values with ",[14,392,380],{}," too: ",[14,395,396],{},"assert result == tmp_path \u002F \"out\" \u002F \"a.txt\"",[10,398,399,402,403,405,406,409,410,412,413,416,417,420,421,424],{},[362,400,401],{},"Line endings."," Git may check out text fixtures with ",[14,404,20],{}," on Windows (depending on ",[14,407,408],{},"core.autocrlf","), and text written in text mode on Windows uses ",[14,411,20],{},". Snapshot tests then fail on every line. Add a ",[14,414,415],{},".gitattributes"," with ",[14,418,419],{},"* text=auto eol=lf"," so fixtures are identical everywhere, and compare output with ",[14,422,423],{},"splitlines()"," or normalised newlines rather than raw strings.",[10,426,427,430,431,434,435,438,439,441,442,445,446,449,450,453,454,457,458,44],{},[362,428,429],{},"Encoding."," Windows' default encoding for files and pipes has historically been the ANSI code page, so ",[14,432,433],{},"open(path)"," without ",[14,436,437],{},"encoding="," reads UTF-8 files wrongly and printing non-ASCII to a redirected stdout can raise ",[14,440,28],{},". Always pass ",[14,443,444],{},"encoding=\"utf-8\""," when reading and writing text, and set ",[14,447,448],{},"PYTHONUTF8=1"," in CI to match how most modern setups behave. Ruff's ",[14,451,452],{},"PLW1514"," rule (currently a preview rule) flags ",[14,455,456],{},"open()"," calls without an explicit encoding. The user-facing side is covered in ",[35,459,461],{"href":460},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fcross-platform-terminal-compatibility\u002Ffixing-unicode-and-encoding-errors-on-windows\u002F","fixing Unicode and encoding errors on Windows",[10,463,464,467,468,471,472,475,476,480],{},[362,465,466],{},"Open files cannot be deleted or replaced."," On Windows, deleting or renaming over a file that is still open fails with ",[14,469,470],{},"PermissionError",". Close files before cleaning up (context managers), and on Windows retry ",[14,473,474],{},"os.replace"," briefly if an antivirus scanner holds the target — the atomic-write helper in ",[35,477,479],{"href":478},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Ffilesystem-paths-and-atomic-writes\u002Fwriting-files-atomically-in-python-clis\u002F","writing files atomically in Python CLIs"," shows the pattern.",[10,482,483,486,487,490,491,494,495,498,499,369,502,505,506,509],{},[362,484,485],{},"Executables and shells."," The console script is ",[14,488,489],{},"mytool.exe"," on Windows; ",[14,492,493],{},"subprocess.run([\"mytool\", ...])"," finds it through ",[14,496,497],{},"PATH",", but tests that build paths to it by hand must add the suffix. Shell built-ins such as ",[14,500,501],{},"echo",[14,503,504],{},"true"," do not exist as programs on Windows — use ",[14,507,508],{},"sys.executable -c \"…\""," as the portable \"external command\" in tests.",[10,511,512,365,515,517,518,369,521,524,525,529],{},[362,513,514],{},"Signals.",[14,516,32],{}," can be registered on Windows but is never delivered the POSIX way, and ",[14,519,520],{},"SIGHUP",[14,522,523],{},"SIGKILL"," do not exist. Graceful-shutdown code needs a Windows branch, as discussed in ",[35,526,528],{"href":527},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Flong-running-and-watch-mode-clis\u002Fhandling-sigterm-and-graceful-shutdown\u002F","handling SIGTERM and graceful shutdown",", and its tests need platform markers.",[10,531,532,535,536,369,539,542,543,546,547,550],{},[362,533,534],{},"macOS specifics"," are fewer: the default filesystem is case-insensitive (so ",[14,537,538],{},"Config.toml",[14,540,541],{},"config.toml"," are the same file), ",[14,544,545],{},"\u002Ftmp"," is a symlink to ",[14,548,549],{},"\u002Fprivate\u002Ftmp"," (so resolved paths differ from the ones you created), and runners are slower and more expensive than Linux ones.",[46,552,554],{"id":553},"marking-genuinely-platform-specific-tests","Marking genuinely platform-specific tests",[10,556,557,558,561],{},"Some behaviour really is platform-specific. Register markers once and use them instead of scattering ",[14,559,560],{},"skipif"," expressions:",[65,563,567],{"className":564,"code":565,"language":566,"meta":70,"style":70},"language-python shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","# tests\u002Fconftest.py\nimport sys\n\nimport pytest\n\nPLATFORMS = {\"windows\": \"win32\", \"macos\": \"darwin\", \"linux\": \"linux\"}\n\n\ndef pytest_configure(config):\n    for name in PLATFORMS:\n        config.addinivalue_line(\"markers\", f\"{name}: only runs on {name}\")\n    config.addinivalue_line(\"markers\", \"posix: only runs on Linux and macOS\")\n\n\ndef pytest_runtest_setup(item):\n    wanted = [name for name in PLATFORMS if item.get_closest_marker(name)]\n    if wanted and not any(sys.platform.startswith(PLATFORMS[n]) for n in wanted):\n        pytest.skip(f\"only on {', '.join(wanted)}\")\n    if item.get_closest_marker(\"posix\") and sys.platform == \"win32\":\n        pytest.skip(\"POSIX only\")\n","python",[14,568,569,574,583,587,594,598,639,643,647,659,675,713,727,731,735,745,771,806,830,856],{"__ignoreMap":70},[74,570,571],{"class":76,"line":77},[74,572,573],{"class":80},"# tests\u002Fconftest.py\n",[74,575,576,580],{"class":76,"line":84},[74,577,579],{"class":578},"szBVR","import",[74,581,582],{"class":91}," sys\n",[74,584,585],{"class":76,"line":99},[74,586,125],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":124},[74,588,589,591],{"class":76,"line":121},[74,590,579],{"class":578},[74,592,593],{"class":91}," pytest\n",[74,595,596],{"class":76,"line":128},[74,597,125],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":124},[74,599,600,603,606,609,612,614,617,619,622,624,627,629,632,634,636],{"class":76,"line":137},[74,601,602],{"class":102},"PLATFORMS",[74,604,605],{"class":578}," =",[74,607,608],{"class":91}," {",[74,610,611],{"class":95},"\"windows\"",[74,613,92],{"class":91},[74,615,616],{"class":95},"\"win32\"",[74,618,112],{"class":91},[74,620,621],{"class":95},"\"macos\"",[74,623,92],{"class":91},[74,625,626],{"class":95},"\"darwin\"",[74,628,112],{"class":91},[74,630,631],{"class":95},"\"linux\"",[74,633,92],{"class":91},[74,635,631],{"class":95},[74,637,638],{"class":91},"}\n",[74,640,641],{"class":76,"line":145},[74,642,125],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":124},[74,644,645],{"class":76,"line":153},[74,646,125],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":124},[74,648,649,652,656],{"class":76,"line":164},[74,650,651],{"class":578},"def",[74,653,655],{"class":654},"sScJk"," pytest_configure",[74,657,658],{"class":91},"(config):\n",[74,660,661,664,667,670,673],{"class":76,"line":172},[74,662,663],{"class":578},"    for",[74,665,666],{"class":91}," name ",[74,668,669],{"class":578},"in",[74,671,672],{"class":102}," PLATFORMS",[74,674,134],{"class":91},[74,676,677,680,683,685,688,691,694,696,699,702,704,706,708,710],{"class":76,"line":195},[74,678,679],{"class":91},"        config.addinivalue_line(",[74,681,682],{"class":95},"\"markers\"",[74,684,112],{"class":91},[74,686,687],{"class":578},"f",[74,689,690],{"class":95},"\"",[74,692,693],{"class":102},"{",[74,695,88],{"class":91},[74,697,698],{"class":102},"}",[74,700,701],{"class":95},": only runs on ",[74,703,693],{"class":102},[74,705,88],{"class":91},[74,707,698],{"class":102},[74,709,690],{"class":95},[74,711,712],{"class":91},")\n",[74,714,715,718,720,722,725],{"class":76,"line":213},[74,716,717],{"class":91},"    config.addinivalue_line(",[74,719,682],{"class":95},[74,721,112],{"class":91},[74,723,724],{"class":95},"\"posix: only runs on Linux and macOS\"",[74,726,712],{"class":91},[74,728,729],{"class":76,"line":224},[74,730,125],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":124},[74,732,733],{"class":76,"line":232},[74,734,125],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":124},[74,736,737,739,742],{"class":76,"line":240},[74,738,651],{"class":578},[74,740,741],{"class":654}," pytest_runtest_setup",[74,743,744],{"class":91},"(item):\n",[74,746,747,750,753,756,759,761,763,765,768],{"class":76,"line":254},[74,748,749],{"class":91},"    wanted ",[74,751,752],{"class":578},"=",[74,754,755],{"class":91}," [name ",[74,757,758],{"class":578},"for",[74,760,666],{"class":91},[74,762,669],{"class":578},[74,764,672],{"class":102},[74,766,767],{"class":578}," if",[74,769,770],{"class":91}," item.get_closest_marker(name)]\n",[74,772,773,776,779,782,785,788,791,793,796,798,801,803],{"class":76,"line":262},[74,774,775],{"class":578},"    if",[74,777,778],{"class":91}," wanted ",[74,780,781],{"class":578},"and",[74,783,784],{"class":578}," not",[74,786,787],{"class":102}," any",[74,789,790],{"class":91},"(sys.platform.startswith(",[74,792,602],{"class":102},[74,794,795],{"class":91},"[n]) ",[74,797,758],{"class":578},[74,799,800],{"class":91}," n ",[74,802,669],{"class":578},[74,804,805],{"class":91}," wanted):\n",[74,807,808,811,813,816,818,821,824,826,828],{"class":76,"line":276},[74,809,810],{"class":91},"        pytest.skip(",[74,812,687],{"class":578},[74,814,815],{"class":95},"\"only on ",[74,817,693],{"class":102},[74,819,820],{"class":95},"', '",[74,822,823],{"class":91},".join(wanted)",[74,825,698],{"class":102},[74,827,690],{"class":95},[74,829,712],{"class":91},[74,831,832,834,837,840,843,845,848,851,854],{"class":76,"line":288},[74,833,775],{"class":578},[74,835,836],{"class":91}," item.get_closest_marker(",[74,838,839],{"class":95},"\"posix\"",[74,841,842],{"class":91},") ",[74,844,781],{"class":578},[74,846,847],{"class":91}," sys.platform ",[74,849,850],{"class":578},"==",[74,852,853],{"class":95}," \"win32\"",[74,855,134],{"class":91},[74,857,858,860,863],{"class":76,"line":296},[74,859,810],{"class":91},[74,861,862],{"class":95},"\"POSIX only\"",[74,864,712],{"class":91},[65,866,868],{"className":564,"code":867,"language":566,"meta":70,"style":70},"# tests\u002Ftest_platform_bits.py\nimport os\nimport signal\nimport subprocess\nimport sys\n\nimport pytest\n\n\n@pytest.mark.posix\ndef test_sigterm_handler_registered():\n    assert signal.getsignal(signal.SIGTERM) is not None\n\n\n@pytest.mark.windows\ndef test_console_script_has_exe_suffix(tmp_path):\n    assert os.path.splitext(sys.executable)[1].lower() == \".exe\"\n\n\ndef test_portable_external_command():\n    out = subprocess.run([sys.executable, \"-c\", \"print('ok')\"],\n                         capture_output=True, text=True, check=True).stdout\n    assert out.splitlines() == [\"ok\"]\n\n\ndef test_paths_compare_as_paths(tmp_path):\n    produced = tmp_path \u002F \"out\" \u002F \"a.txt\"\n    assert produced.relative_to(tmp_path).parts == (\"out\", \"a.txt\")\n",[14,869,870,875,882,889,896,902,906,912,916,920,925,935,956,960,964,969,979,997,1001,1005,1014,1035,1067,1085,1090,1095,1105,1128],{"__ignoreMap":70},[74,871,872],{"class":76,"line":77},[74,873,874],{"class":80},"# tests\u002Ftest_platform_bits.py\n",[74,876,877,879],{"class":76,"line":84},[74,878,579],{"class":578},[74,880,881],{"class":91}," os\n",[74,883,884,886],{"class":76,"line":99},[74,885,579],{"class":578},[74,887,888],{"class":91}," signal\n",[74,890,891,893],{"class":76,"line":121},[74,892,579],{"class":578},[74,894,895],{"class":91}," subprocess\n",[74,897,898,900],{"class":76,"line":128},[74,899,579],{"class":578},[74,901,582],{"class":91},[74,903,904],{"class":76,"line":137},[74,905,125],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":124},[74,907,908,910],{"class":76,"line":145},[74,909,579],{"class":578},[74,911,593],{"class":91},[74,913,914],{"class":76,"line":153},[74,915,125],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":124},[74,917,918],{"class":76,"line":164},[74,919,125],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":124},[74,921,922],{"class":76,"line":172},[74,923,924],{"class":654},"@pytest.mark.posix\n",[74,926,927,929,932],{"class":76,"line":195},[74,928,651],{"class":578},[74,930,931],{"class":654}," test_sigterm_handler_registered",[74,933,934],{"class":91},"():\n",[74,936,937,940,943,946,948,951,953],{"class":76,"line":213},[74,938,939],{"class":578},"    assert",[74,941,942],{"class":91}," signal.getsignal(signal.",[74,944,945],{"class":102},"SIGTERM",[74,947,842],{"class":91},[74,949,950],{"class":578},"is",[74,952,784],{"class":578},[74,954,955],{"class":102}," None\n",[74,957,958],{"class":76,"line":224},[74,959,125],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":124},[74,961,962],{"class":76,"line":232},[74,963,125],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":124},[74,965,966],{"class":76,"line":240},[74,967,968],{"class":654},"@pytest.mark.windows\n",[74,970,971,973,976],{"class":76,"line":254},[74,972,651],{"class":578},[74,974,975],{"class":654}," test_console_script_has_exe_suffix",[74,977,978],{"class":91},"(tmp_path):\n",[74,980,981,983,986,989,992,994],{"class":76,"line":262},[74,982,939],{"class":578},[74,984,985],{"class":91}," os.path.splitext(sys.executable)[",[74,987,988],{"class":102},"1",[74,990,991],{"class":91},"].lower() ",[74,993,850],{"class":578},[74,995,996],{"class":95}," \".exe\"\n",[74,998,999],{"class":76,"line":276},[74,1000,125],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":124},[74,1002,1003],{"class":76,"line":288},[74,1004,125],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":124},[74,1006,1007,1009,1012],{"class":76,"line":296},[74,1008,651],{"class":578},[74,1010,1011],{"class":654}," test_portable_external_command",[74,1013,934],{"class":91},[74,1015,1016,1019,1021,1024,1027,1029,1032],{"class":76,"line":307},[74,1017,1018],{"class":91},"    out ",[74,1020,752],{"class":578},[74,1022,1023],{"class":91}," subprocess.run([sys.executable, ",[74,1025,1026],{"class":95},"\"-c\"",[74,1028,112],{"class":91},[74,1030,1031],{"class":95},"\"print('ok')\"",[74,1033,1034],{"class":91},"],\n",[74,1036,1037,1041,1043,1046,1048,1051,1053,1055,1057,1060,1062,1064],{"class":76,"line":320},[74,1038,1040],{"class":1039},"s4XuR","                         capture_output",[74,1042,752],{"class":578},[74,1044,1045],{"class":102},"True",[74,1047,112],{"class":91},[74,1049,1050],{"class":1039},"text",[74,1052,752],{"class":578},[74,1054,1045],{"class":102},[74,1056,112],{"class":91},[74,1058,1059],{"class":1039},"check",[74,1061,752],{"class":578},[74,1063,1045],{"class":102},[74,1065,1066],{"class":91},").stdout\n",[74,1068,1070,1072,1075,1077,1080,1083],{"class":76,"line":1069},23,[74,1071,939],{"class":578},[74,1073,1074],{"class":91}," out.splitlines() ",[74,1076,850],{"class":578},[74,1078,1079],{"class":91}," [",[74,1081,1082],{"class":95},"\"ok\"",[74,1084,118],{"class":91},[74,1086,1088],{"class":76,"line":1087},24,[74,1089,125],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":124},[74,1091,1093],{"class":76,"line":1092},25,[74,1094,125],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":124},[74,1096,1098,1100,1103],{"class":76,"line":1097},26,[74,1099,651],{"class":578},[74,1101,1102],{"class":654}," test_paths_compare_as_paths",[74,1104,978],{"class":91},[74,1106,1108,1111,1113,1116,1119,1122,1125],{"class":76,"line":1107},27,[74,1109,1110],{"class":91},"    produced ",[74,1112,752],{"class":578},[74,1114,1115],{"class":91}," tmp_path ",[74,1117,1118],{"class":578},"\u002F",[74,1120,1121],{"class":95}," \"out\"",[74,1123,1124],{"class":578}," \u002F",[74,1126,1127],{"class":95}," \"a.txt\"\n",[74,1129,1131,1133,1136,1138,1141,1144,1146,1149],{"class":76,"line":1130},28,[74,1132,939],{"class":578},[74,1134,1135],{"class":91}," produced.relative_to(tmp_path).parts ",[74,1137,850],{"class":578},[74,1139,1140],{"class":91}," (",[74,1142,1143],{"class":95},"\"out\"",[74,1145,112],{"class":91},[74,1147,1148],{"class":95},"\"a.txt\"",[74,1150,712],{"class":91},[10,1152,1153,1154,1158],{},"The last two tests show the portable style that most tests should follow: use the current interpreter as the external program, compare lines rather than raw text, and compare path ",[1155,1156,1157],"em",{},"parts"," rather than strings with separators in them.",[346,1160],{"name":1161},"xos-terminal",[46,1163,1165],{"id":1164},"ux-considerations","UX considerations",[10,1167,1168],{},"The \"users\" of the matrix are contributors who mostly develop on one platform:",[51,1170,1171,1181,1187,1193,1199],{},[54,1172,1173,1176,1177,1180],{},[362,1174,1175],{},"Make failures reproducible locally."," Document how to run the Windows job's equivalent — a Windows VM, or at minimum ",[14,1178,1179],{},"PYTHONUTF8=0"," and CRLF fixtures on Linux to catch encoding and line-ending assumptions early.",[54,1182,1183,1186],{},[362,1184,1185],{},"Keep the matrix small but meaningful."," Oldest and newest Python on all three systems, plus every Python on Linux, catches nearly every platform bug at a fraction of the cost.",[54,1188,1189,1192],{},[362,1190,1191],{},"Never \"fix\" a platform failure with a skip"," unless the feature is truly unavailable there. A skipped test is a bug report you have decided not to read.",[54,1194,1195,1198],{},[362,1196,1197],{},"Show the platform in test names or output"," when it matters, so a failure email says \"windows-latest, 3.10\" without anyone opening the logs.",[54,1200,1201,1204],{},[362,1202,1203],{},"Mind the clock."," macOS runners are slower and more expensive; consider running them only on pushes to the main branch and on release tags if minutes are scarce.",[46,1206,1208],{"id":1207},"testing-the-behaviour","Testing the behaviour",[10,1210,1211,1212,1215,1216,1218,1219,1223],{},"The best check that a suite is portable is the matrix itself, but two cheap habits catch most problems before CI does. Run the suite on Linux with ",[14,1213,1214],{},"PYTHONUTF8=0 LANG=C"," occasionally — it surfaces many missing ",[14,1217,437],{}," arguments. And add a lint rule for encodings in the project configuration, as in ",[35,1220,1222],{"href":1221},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Flinting-and-type-checking-cli-code\u002Fconfiguring-ruff-for-a-cli-project\u002F","configuring Ruff for a CLI project",":",[65,1225,1229],{"className":1226,"code":1227,"language":1228,"meta":70,"style":70},"language-toml shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","[tool.ruff.lint]\npreview = true                         # PLW1514 is a preview rule\nexplicit-preview-rules = true          # ...so enable only the preview rules named here\nextend-select = [\"PLW1514\", \"PTH\"]    # open() without encoding; os.path instead of pathlib\n","toml",[14,1230,1231,1251,1261,1271],{"__ignoreMap":70},[74,1232,1233,1236,1239,1241,1244,1246,1249],{"class":76,"line":77},[74,1234,1235],{"class":91},"[",[74,1237,1238],{"class":654},"tool",[74,1240,44],{"class":91},[74,1242,1243],{"class":654},"ruff",[74,1245,44],{"class":91},[74,1247,1248],{"class":654},"lint",[74,1250,118],{"class":91},[74,1252,1253,1256,1258],{"class":76,"line":84},[74,1254,1255],{"class":91},"preview = ",[74,1257,504],{"class":102},[74,1259,1260],{"class":80},"                         # PLW1514 is a preview rule\n",[74,1262,1263,1266,1268],{"class":76,"line":99},[74,1264,1265],{"class":91},"explicit-preview-rules = ",[74,1267,504],{"class":102},[74,1269,1270],{"class":80},"          # ...so enable only the preview rules named here\n",[74,1272,1273,1276,1279,1281,1284,1287],{"class":76,"line":121},[74,1274,1275],{"class":91},"extend-select = [",[74,1277,1278],{"class":95},"\"PLW1514\"",[74,1280,112],{"class":91},[74,1282,1283],{"class":95},"\"PTH\"",[74,1285,1286],{"class":91},"]    ",[74,1288,1289],{"class":80},"# open() without encoding; os.path instead of pathlib\n",[10,1291,1292,1295,1296,1299,1300,1302],{},[14,1293,1294],{},"PTH"," rules nudge code from ",[14,1297,1298],{},"os.path"," string handling to ",[14,1301,376],{},", which removes most path-separator bugs at the source. Together, the lint rules and the matrix keep a Linux-developed CLI working for the people on the other two platforms.",[46,1304,1306],{"id":1305},"conclusion","Conclusion",[10,1308,1309,1310,1312,1313,1315],{},"Adding Windows and macOS to CI is a few lines of YAML; the value is in what it exposes. Fix the recurring causes at the source — ",[14,1311,376],{}," instead of strings, explicit UTF-8, ",[14,1314,415],{}," for line endings, closing files before deleting them, the interpreter as a portable external command — and mark the few genuinely platform-specific tests with registered markers instead of ad hoc skips. Then your Windows users stop being your testers.",[46,1317,1319],{"id":1318},"frequently-asked-questions","Frequently asked questions",[1321,1322,1324],"h3",{"id":1323},"do-i-need-windows-if-my-users-are-all-on-linux","Do I need Windows if my users are all on Linux?",[10,1326,1327,1328,1330],{},"Check before assuming: developers on Windows often run internal tools from WSL ",[1155,1329,781],{}," from PowerShell. If you truly have no Windows users, say so in the README and skip it — but keep macOS if any developer uses a Mac.",[1321,1332,1334,1335,1338,1339,1341],{"id":1333},"should-i-use-shell-pwsh-or-shell-bash-on-windows-runners","Should I use ",[14,1336,1337],{},"shell: pwsh"," or ",[14,1340,339],{}," on Windows runners?",[10,1343,1344,1346,1347,1350],{},[14,1345,248],{}," for portability of your workflow steps; ",[14,1348,1349],{},"pwsh"," when testing PowerShell-specific behaviour such as completion scripts or quoting. Both are available on GitHub's Windows runners.",[1321,1352,1354],{"id":1353},"why-do-my-tests-pass-locally-on-windows-but-fail-in-ci","Why do my tests pass locally on Windows but fail in CI?",[10,1356,1357,1358,112,1361,369,1364,1367],{},"Usually environment differences: CI runs non-interactively (no TTY, so colours and prompts behave differently), uses a different code page, or checks out files with different line endings. Print ",[14,1359,1360],{},"sys.stdout.encoding",[14,1362,1363],{},"sys.stdout.isatty()",[14,1365,1366],{},"locale.getpreferredencoding()"," in a debug step to compare.",[1321,1369,1371],{"id":1370},"how-do-i-test-the-installed-executable-on-each-os","How do I test the installed executable on each OS?",[10,1373,1374,1375,1379],{},"Build the wheel once, then install and run it on every runner in a separate job, as in ",[35,1376,1378],{"href":1377},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fci-cd-pipelines-for-python-clis\u002Fsmoke-testing-the-built-wheel-in-ci\u002F","smoke-testing the built wheel in CI",". That catches entry-point and packaging problems that only appear on one platform.",[46,1381,1383],{"id":1382},"related","Related",[51,1385,1386,1392,1397,1401,1406],{},[54,1387,1388,1389],{},"Up: ",[35,1390,1391],{"href":37},"CI\u002FCD pipelines for Python CLIs",[54,1393,1394],{},[35,1395,1396],{"href":42},"Testing a CLI across Python versions with GitHub Actions",[54,1398,1399],{},[35,1400,389],{"href":388},[54,1402,1403],{},[35,1404,1405],{"href":460},"Fixing Unicode and encoding errors on Windows",[54,1407,1408],{},[35,1409,1411],{"href":1410},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fvirtual-environments-isolation-best-practices\u002Fmanaging-virtual-environments-for-cross-platform-clis\u002F","Managing virtual environments for cross-platform CLIs",[1413,1414,1415],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .sJ8bj, html code.shiki .sJ8bj{--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D}html pre.shiki code .s9eBZ, html code.shiki .s9eBZ{--shiki-default:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D}html pre.shiki code .sVt8B, html code.shiki .sVt8B{--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sZZnC, html code.shiki .sZZnC{--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sj4cs, html code.shiki .sj4cs{--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .szBVR, html code.shiki .szBVR{--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sScJk, html code.shiki .sScJk{--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .s4XuR, html code.shiki .s4XuR{--shiki-default:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70}",{"title":70,"searchDepth":84,"depth":84,"links":1417},[1418,1419,1420,1421,1422,1423,1424,1425,1432],{"id":48,"depth":84,"text":49},{"id":62,"depth":84,"text":63},{"id":351,"depth":84,"text":352},{"id":553,"depth":84,"text":554},{"id":1164,"depth":84,"text":1165},{"id":1207,"depth":84,"text":1208},{"id":1305,"depth":84,"text":1306},{"id":1318,"depth":84,"text":1319,"children":1426},[1427,1428,1430,1431],{"id":1323,"depth":99,"text":1324},{"id":1333,"depth":99,"text":1429},"Should I use shell: pwsh or shell: bash on Windows runners?",{"id":1353,"depth":99,"text":1354},{"id":1370,"depth":99,"text":1371},{"id":1382,"depth":84,"text":1383},"2026-10-02","Extend a CLI’s CI to Windows and macOS: an OS matrix, the path, encoding, line-ending and file-locking failures it exposes, platform markers and portable tests.","intermediate",false,"md",{},"\u002Fproject-setup-dependency-management\u002Fci-cd-pipelines-for-python-clis\u002Frunning-cli-tests-on-windows-and-macos-runners",{"title":5,"description":1434},"project-setup-dependency-management\u002Fci-cd-pipelines-for-python-clis\u002Frunning-cli-tests-on-windows-and-macos-runners\u002Findex",[1443,1444,1445,1446,1447],"ci","github-actions","windows","macos","testing","s5j3tq3j4OS2q7ufjLUKrZRW1MuC255iqkrD4qrmV4w",[1450,1453,1456,1459,1462,1465,1468,1471,1474,1477,1480,1483,1486,1489,1492,1495,1498,1501,1504,1507,1510,1513,1516,1519,1522,1525,1528,1531,1534,1537,1540,1543,1546,1549,1552,1555,1558,1561,1564,1567,1570,1573,1576,1579,1582,1585,1588,1591,1594,1597,1600,1603,1606,1609,1612,1615,1618,1621,1624,1627,1630,1633,1636,1639,1642,1645,1648,1651,1654,1657,1660,1663,1666,1669,1672,1675,1678,1681,1684,1687,1690,1693,1696,1699,1702,1705,1708,1711,1714,1717,1720,1723,1726,1729,1732,1735,1738,1741,1744,1747,1750,1753,1756,1759,1762,1765,1768,1771,1774,1777,1780,1783,1786,1789,1792,1795,1798,1801,1804,1807,1810,1813,1816,1819,1822,1825,1828,1831,1834,1837,1840,1843,1846,1849,1852,1855,1858,1861,1864,1867,1869,1872,1875,1878,1881,1884,1887,1890,1893,1896,1899,1902,1905,1908,1911,1914,1917,1920,1923,1926,1929,1932,1935,1938,1941,1944,1947,1950,1953,1956,1959,1962,1965,1968,1971,1974,1977,1980,1983,1986,1989,1992,1995,1998,2001,2004,2007,2010,2013,2016,2019,2022,2025,2028,2031,2034,2037,2040,2043,2046,2049,2052,2055,2058,2061,2064,2067,2070,2071,2074,2077,2080,2083,2086,2089,2092,2095,2098,2101,2104,2107,2110,2113,2116,2119,2122,2125,2128,2131,2134,2137,2140,2143,2146,2149,2152,2155,2158,2161,2164,2167,2170,2173,2176,2179,2182,2185,2188,2191,2194,2197,2200,2203,2206,2209,2212,2215,2218,2221,2224,2227,2230,2233,2236,2239,2242,2245,2248,2251,2254,2257,2260,2263,2266,2269,2272,2275,2278,2281,2284,2287,2290],{"path":1451,"title":1452},"\u002Fabout","About Python CLI Toolcraft",{"path":1454,"title":1455},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fadvanced-argument-validation-strategies","Advanced Argument Validation Strategies",{"path":1457,"title":1458},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fadvanced-argument-validation-strategies\u002Fparsing-nested-json-arguments-in-python-clis","Parsing Nested JSON Args in Python CLIs",{"path":1460,"title":1461},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fadvanced-argument-validation-strategies\u002Fvalidating-dates-and-durations-in-cli-arguments","Validating Dates and Durations in Python CLI Arguments",{"path":1463,"title":1464},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fadvanced-argument-validation-strategies\u002Fvalidating-dependent-and-conflicting-options","Validating Dependent and Conflicting CLI Options",{"path":1466,"title":1467},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fadvanced-argument-validation-strategies\u002Fvalidating-file-and-directory-paths-in-clis","Validating File and Directory Paths in CLIs",{"path":1469,"title":1470},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fadvanced-argument-validation-strategies\u002Fvalidating-urls-hosts-and-ports","Validating URLs, Hosts and Ports in Python CLI Arguments",{"path":1472,"title":1473},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fadvanced-argument-validation-strategies\u002Fwriting-custom-click-parameter-types","Writing Custom Click Parameter Types",{"path":1475,"title":1476},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fbuilding-terminal-uis-with-textual\u002Fbrowsing-records-with-a-textual-datatable","Browsing Records with a Textual DataTable Picker",{"path":1478,"title":1479},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fbuilding-terminal-uis-with-textual\u002Fbuilding-your-first-textual-app","Building Your First Textual App for a Python CLI",{"path":1481,"title":1482},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fbuilding-terminal-uis-with-textual\u002Fchoosing-between-a-cli-a-prompt-flow-and-a-tui","Choosing Between a CLI, a Prompt Flow and a TUI",{"path":1484,"title":1485},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fbuilding-terminal-uis-with-textual","Building Terminal UIs with Textual for Python CLIs",{"path":1487,"title":1488},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fbuilding-terminal-uis-with-textual\u002Frunning-background-work-in-textual-with-workers","Running Background Work in Textual with Workers",{"path":1490,"title":1491},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fbuilding-terminal-uis-with-textual\u002Fstyling-textual-apps-with-tcss","Styling Textual Apps with 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Rich",{"path":1607,"title":1608},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Finteractive-terminal-ui-with-rich\u002Frendering-tables-and-json-with-rich","Rendering Tables and JSON with Rich",{"path":1610,"title":1611},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Finteractive-terminal-ui-with-rich\u002Ftheming-rich-output-consistently","Theming Rich Output Consistently in Python CLIs",{"path":1613,"title":1614},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Foutput-formats-for-data-clis\u002Fadding-a-format-flag-for-table-json-and-csv","Adding a Format Flag for Table, JSON and CSV Output",{"path":1616,"title":1617},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Foutput-formats-for-data-clis\u002Fcustom-output-templates-with-a-format-string","Custom Output Templates with a Format String in Python CLIs",{"path":1619,"title":1620},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Foutput-formats-for-data-clis\u002Fexporting-cli-results-to-files","Exporting CLI Results to 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CLIs",{"path":1652,"title":1653},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fstructured-logging-for-cli-apps\u002Fadding-trace-ids-and-context-to-cli-logs","Adding Trace IDs and Context to Python CLI Logs",{"path":1655,"title":1656},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fstructured-logging-for-cli-apps\u002Fadding-verbose-and-quiet-logging-flags","Adding Verbose and Quiet Logging Flags",{"path":1658,"title":1659},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fstructured-logging-for-cli-apps","Structured Logging for CLI Apps",{"path":1661,"title":1662},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fstructured-logging-for-cli-apps\u002Flogging-with-structlog-in-a-cli","Logging with structlog in a Python CLI",{"path":1664,"title":1665},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fstructured-logging-for-cli-apps\u002Fseparating-logs-from-program-output","Separating Logs from Program Output in a Python 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SIGPIPE",{"path":1682,"title":1683},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fworking-with-stdin-stdout-and-pipes","Working with stdin, stdout and Pipes",{"path":1685,"title":1686},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fworking-with-stdin-stdout-and-pipes\u002Fnull-delimited-input-and-xargs-compatibility","Null-Delimited Input and xargs Compatibility in Python CLIs",{"path":1688,"title":1689},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fworking-with-stdin-stdout-and-pipes\u002Fprocessing-large-files-and-ndjson-streams","Processing Large Files and NDJSON Streams in Python CLIs",{"path":1691,"title":1692},"\u002Fadvanced-input-parsing-user-experience\u002Fworking-with-stdin-stdout-and-pipes\u002Freading-piped-input-in-python-clis","Reading Piped Input in Python CLIs",{"path":1694,"title":1695},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Fcalling-http-apis-from-python-clis\u002Fbuilding-an-api-client-cli-with-httpx","Building an API Client CLI with 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CLIs",{"path":1757,"title":1758},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Ffilesystem-paths-and-atomic-writes\u002Fstoring-app-data-with-platformdirs","Storing CLI App Data with platformdirs",{"path":1760,"title":1761},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Ffilesystem-paths-and-atomic-writes\u002Fwalking-directory-trees-with-ignore-rules","Walking Directory Trees with Ignore Rules in a Python CLI",{"path":1763,"title":1764},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Ffilesystem-paths-and-atomic-writes\u002Fwriting-files-atomically-in-python-clis","Writing Files Atomically in Python CLIs",{"path":1766,"title":1767},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration","CLI Runtime & Systems Integration for Python",{"path":1769,"title":1770},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Flocal-state-and-sqlite-in-python-clis\u002Fcaching-http-responses-on-disk-in-a-cli","Caching HTTP Responses on Disk in a Python CLI",{"path":1772,"title":1773},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Flocal-state-and-sqlite-in-python-clis","Local State and SQLite in Python CLIs",{"path":1775,"title":1776},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Flocal-state-and-sqlite-in-python-clis\u002Fmigrating-a-cli-sqlite-schema","Migrating a CLI’s SQLite Schema Between Releases",{"path":1778,"title":1779},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Flocal-state-and-sqlite-in-python-clis\u002Frecording-and-querying-cli-run-history","Recording and Querying CLI Run History in SQLite",{"path":1781,"title":1782},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Flocal-state-and-sqlite-in-python-clis\u002Fstoring-cli-state-in-sqlite","Storing CLI State in SQLite with a Small Repository Class",{"path":1784,"title":1785},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Flong-running-and-watch-mode-clis\u002Fbuilding-a-watch-mode-with-watchfiles","Building a Watch Mode with watchfiles in Python",{"path":1787,"title":1788},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Flong-running-and-watch-mode-clis\u002Fhandling-sigterm-and-graceful-shutdown","Handling SIGTERM and Graceful Shutdown in CLIs",{"path":1790,"title":1791},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Flong-running-and-watch-mode-clis\u002Fhealth-checks-and-heartbeats-for-long-running-clis","Health Checks and Heartbeats for Long-Running CLIs",{"path":1793,"title":1794},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Flong-running-and-watch-mode-clis","Long-Running and Watch-Mode Python CLIs",{"path":1796,"title":1797},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Flong-running-and-watch-mode-clis\u002Freloading-config-on-sighup","Reloading Configuration on SIGHUP in a Python CLI",{"path":1799,"title":1800},"\u002Fcli-runtime-systems-integration\u002Flong-running-and-watch-mode-clis\u002Frunning-a-cli-as-a-systemd-service","Running a Python CLI as a systemd 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